Subversive actors push systems to change by which actions?

• A. Lobbying and fundraising
• B. Providing healthcare directly
• C. Filing patents
• D. Applying pressure, creating alternatives, or exposing gaps

Answer: (D)

Subversive actors push systems to change by applying pressure, creating alternatives, or exposing gaps. Applying pressure includes advocacy, coalition-building, public campaigns, and strategic policy engagement designed to persuade decision-makers to adopt reforms. Creating alternatives means developing new models or pilot programs that show feasible, better options within or alongside the current system, prompting consideration and potential adoption. Exposing gaps involves careful assessment and transparent reporting to reveal where the current approach fails, is inequitable, or misses protections, creating a rationale for change. While lobbying and fundraising are parts of influencing policy, they don’t fully capture this broader push for change. Providing healthcare directly changes service delivery, not the system itself, and filing patents focuses on ownership and invention rather than driving systemic reform.